Effect of castration on renal glycosaminoglycans and their urinary excretion in male and female rats with chronic renal failure

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) participate in a variety of processes in the kidney, and evidence suggests that gender-related hormones participate in renal function. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of GAGs, gender, and proteinuria in male and female rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). GAGs were analyzed in total kidney tissue and 24-h urine of castrated (c), male (M), and female (F) Wistar control (C) rats (CM, CMc, CF, CFc) and after 30 days of CRF induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (CRFM, CRFMc, CRFF, CRFFc). Total GAG quantification and composition were determined using agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Renal GAGs were higher in CF compared to CM. CRFM presented an increase in renal GAGs, heparan sulfate (HS), and proteinuria, while castration reduced these parameters. However, CRFF and CRFFc groups showed a decrease in renal GAGs concomitant with an increase in proteinuria. Our results suggest that, in CRFM, sex hormones quantitatively alter GAGs, mainly HS, and possibly the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to proteinuria. The lack of this response in CRFMc, where HS did not increase, corroborates this theory. This pattern was not observed in females. Further studies of CRF are needed to clarify gender-dependent differences in HS synthesis.

Bacterial septicemia in water snakes (Helicops modestus) in Brazil

Relata-se infecção septicêmica em cobras d’água (Helicops modestus) causada por Proteus vulgaris. Os animais iniciavam o processo apresentando abscessos puntiformes de coloração esbranquiçada na pele e após rápida evolução, morriam (100% de mortalidade). Descreve-se, ainda, a sensibilidade do P. vulgaris isolado dos animais a drogas antibacterianas.

Toxoplasmosis in emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator): case report

A case of toxoplasmosis in an adult male emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) is reported. The primate was found dead and no clinical sign was noticed before death. Pathological findings included moderate to severe interstitial pneumonia, multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and multifocal to coalescing necrotizing lymphadenitis. Immunohistochemistry assays (strepto-avidin-biotin-peroxidase) performed on paraffin embedded tissues (lung, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, heart, intestine and adipose tissue) were strongly positive for Toxoplasma gondii

Western blot detection of infectious bursal disease virus infection

In order to evaluate the use of a Western blot methodology for the diagnosis of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, chickens were experimentally infected with IBDV strains and tested for the presence of viral antigens and antibodies by a blocking Western blot test (bWB). The viral proteins obtained from the bursa of Fabricius (BF) were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the chicken sera obtained by heart puncture were used for the detection of these proteins. In order to eliminate nonspecific reactions, we used a rabbit anti-chicken serum (blocking tool). By the use of the bWB test, two distinct viral proteins of 43-kDa (VP2) and 32-kDa (VP3) were detected. We suggest the use of this methodology for the detection of IBDV infection in animals suspected of having IBDV reinfection and a chronic subclinical form of the disease. With the use of the rabbit anti-chicken sera for blocking, this method is practical, sensitive and less time consuming.

Colheita e avaliaçäo do sêmen em onça pintada (Panthera onca) / Semen collection and evaluation in the jaguar (Panthera onca)

Foram submetidas à eletroejaculaçäo 10 onças pintadas, de origem desconhecida, mantidas na Fundaçäo Parque Zoológico de Säo Paulo (n = 7) e Parque Zoológico Municipal "Quinzinho de Barros"- Sorocaba (n = 3), recebendo alimentaçäo de acordo com a dieta de rotina de cada instituiçäo. Nos 54 procedimentos realizados, foram obtidos ejaculados, ocorrendo contaminaçäo por urina em 3,7 por cento (n = 2) e em 11 (20,4 por cento) ocasiöes em que näo foram observados espematozóides. O volume médio obtido foi 7,42 ñ 3,69 ml, com motilidade média de 62,6 ñ 11,0 por cento e vigor de 2,71 ñ 0,52. A concentraçäo espermática foi 6,20 ñ 3,03 x 10 elevado a sexta potência espematozóides/ml, sendo que a porcentagem média de espermatozóides morfologicamente normais foi 46,7 ñ 5,8 por cento. A técnica de colheita de sêmen por eletroejaculaçäo é eficiente na espécie Panthera onça

Rotavirus and reovirus interaction with mouse peritoneal resident phagocytic cells

Rotaviruses and reoviruses are involved in human and animal diseases. It is known that both viruses penetrate the gastrointestinal tract but their interaction with phagocytic cells is unknown. To study this interaction, peritoneal resident phagocytic cells were used and rotavirus and reovirus replication in peritoneal phagocytic cells was observed. However, rotavirus replication in these cells led to the production of defective particles since MA-104 cells inoculated with rotavirus phagocytic cell lysate did not show any evidence of virus replication. On the basis of these results, we suggest that, althought reovirus dissemination may be helped by these phagocytic cells, these cells may control rotavirus infection and probably contribute to the prevention of its dissemination.

Epidemiological aspects of the Brazilian spotted fever: seasonal activity of ticks collected in an endemic area in São Paulo, Brazil

Carrapatos de vegetação e de animais foram coletados mensalmente durante o período de um ano (1993-1994) em uma área endêmica de febre maculosa brasileira no município de Pedreira, São Paulo. Seis espécies de carrapatos foram identificadas Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma cooperi, Amblyomma triste, Anocentor nitens, Rhipicephalus sanguineus e Boophilus microplus. Somente a primeira espécie foi suficientemente abundante para permitir um estudo quantitativo com atividade sazonal, embora a distribuição e fonte de captura de outras espécies fossem observadas e aqui relatadas. Estas informações são correlacionadas com a epidemiologia da rickettsiose transmitida por carrapato.

Ticks were collected from vegetation and animals at monthly intervals during one year (1993-1994) in an endemic area of Brazilian spotted fever in the Country of Pedreira, State of São Paulo. Six species of ticks were identified Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma cooperi, Amblyomma triste, Anocentor nitens, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Boophilus microplus. Only the first species was sufficiently numerous to permit a quantitative study with seasonal activity, although the distribution and source of capture of other species were observed and are reported. This information is correlated with the epidemiology of tick-borne rickettsiosis.

Chemical sympathectomy blocks androgen biosynthesis during prepuberty

Twenty-one-day old male Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with guanethidine (GUA) at doses of 5 and 10 mg kg-1 day-1 for 20 days. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation during the prepubertal (41 days of age) and early-pubertal (51 days of age) periods of sexual development. The tests were collected, frozen in liquid N2 and stored at -70oC until determination of testicular progesterone (P), androstenedione (A) and testosterone (T). Higher levels of P (2.18 +/- 0.24 ng/g, control = 1.24 +/- 0.16 ng/g) associated with decreased with decreased levels of androgens (A = 0.26 +/- 0.06 ng/g T = 2.05 +/- 0.19 ng/g; control = 1.86 +/- 0.76 ng/g and 8.48 +/- 1.16 ng/g, respectively) were observed in 10 mg GUA-treated rats of prebubertal age, while only P levels (3.12 +/- 0.51 ng/g, control = 1.73 +/- 0.27 ng/g) were incresead in rats of early pubertal...

Experimental infection of newborn mice with murine EDIM rotavirus

All four-day old Swiss mice whose dams were seronegative to rotavirus developed diarrhea 72 h after oral infection with EDIM rotavirus (HP strain). Electron microscopy of infected small intestine showed rotavirus particles of different sizes and morphology in the intestinal absorptive cells. In these cells rotavirus particles of 30 to 60 nm representing the various steps of virus maturation were visualized in viroplasm near the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Mature rotavirus particles of 70 nm approximately were observed inside the RER of the intestinal absorptive cells. In the lamina propria rotavirus particles of approximately 30 nm and tubules were observed in phagosome-like structures of subepithelial phagocytes and were probably destroyed by lysosomal enzymes. The absence of signs of viral replication in phagocytes of lamina propria suggests that this may be the mechanism for viral antigen presentation to the host immunological system and may be one of the reasons for the fact that rotavirus infection is limited to the intestine

Contaminaçäo ambiental pelo rotavírus / Environmental contamination by bovine rotavirus

Com o objetivo de se isolar o rotavírus humano a partir de material fecal diarréico, inoculou-se o material fecal na forma de homogenato previamente descontaminado, em cultura de células MA-104. O material clínico foi estudado pela microscopia eletrônica (ME) e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (EGPA), sendo que, em ambas as técnicas, detectou-se a presença do vírus, de padräo eletroforético humano. Na terceira passagem em cultivo celular foi observado efeito citopático (ECP). O monitoramento da replicaçäo viral foi positivo pelo teste de imunofluorescência (IF). A identificaçäo do isolado através da reaçäo de neutralizaçäo de focos imunofluorescentes (NFIF) e da EGPA revelou a presença de rotavírus bovino. Este trabalho discute as eventuais fontes de contaminaçäo cruzada em nosso laboratório, onde o vírus bovino também é rotineiramente manipulado. A hipótese de o vírus bovino já estar presente no material fecal humano näo pode ser descartada, porquanto näo foi observada qualquer situaçäo que sugerisse presença das duas espécies virais

Acridine orange metachromasia in the cytoplasm of simian rotavirus (SA-11)-infected MA-104 cell cultures

Acridine orange metachromasia was used to determine the distribution of simian rotavirus double-stranded RNA in cultured MA-104 cells 0 to 72 h post-infection. Correlations were made among time of detection and amount of viral antigens, virus yield and the ultrastructural aspects of infected cells. RNAase-resistant cytoplasmic metachromasia appeared 48 h post-infection, 36 h after the initial detection of viral antigens or infectious virions and 24 h after the appearance of the cytopathic effect. Acridine orange staining is thus useful for monitoring the progress of rotaviral infection in cell cultures due to its simplicity and low cost, in spite of its lower sensitivity compared to other techniques evaluated

Detection of astrovirus-like in diarrhoeic stool and its coexistence with rotavirus

É apresentado neste trabalho um caso clínico de diarréia aguda prolongada em uma criança subnutrida e desidratada de 5 meses de idade. O estudo virológico por microscopia eletrônica mostrou que a criança eliminava, pelas fezes aquosas, vírus semelhante, morfologicamente, ao astrovírus e rotavírus. A presença destes vírus foi observada 12 dias após o início da diarréia. A imunomicroscopia eletrônica realizada com o soro da criança mostrou agregados de ambos os vírus. Näo foram detectadas bactérias ou parasitas enteropatogênicos. Os Autores sugerem que este pode ser um caso de infecçäo mista de vírus semelhante ao astrovírus e rotavírus